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Tactile paving (also called ''truncated domes'', ''detectable warnings'', ''Tactile Ground Surface Indicators'', ''detectable warning surfaces'', "intersection nipples") is a system of textured ground surface indicators found on many footpaths, stairs and train station platforms to assist pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired. Tactile warnings provide a distinctive surface pattern of "truncated domes" or cones (which are small domes or cones that have had their tops cut off, or truncated) or "truncated bars" detectable by long cane or underfoot which are used to alert people with visual impairments of their approach to streets and hazardous drop-offs. People who are blind or visually impaired are alerted of impending danger from vehicle impact or a grade change. There is a disagreement in the design community and the community of users if the interior use of these bars represents a tripping hazard. Originally instituted at pedestrian crossings and other hazardous vehicular ways by countries like Japan, the United Kingdom and Australia, among others, the United States picked up the standard in the early 1990s, after passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Canada started incorporating the use in transportation first in the 1990s then added them to the built environment in early 2000s. ==History== The original tactile paving was developed by Seiichi Miyake in 1965. The paving was first introduced in a street in Okayama city, Japan, in 1967. Its use gradually spread in Japan and then around the world. Today yellow tactile pavings are almost ubiquitous throughout Japan. For aesthetic reasons, for example in front of hotels, the colour of the paving can change to reflect the colour of the pavement or stone floor. Sometimes the paving contours are with steel stripes and dots. The tactile tiles spread rapidly through adoption at Japan National Railways (later known as Japan Railway). It was established “The guideline for Tactile Tile installation for visually impaired person” in 1985. It can be classified into two types right now. Those types of tactile tiles with which function is different a tile to which cautions are urged. The round small bumps are arranged on the surface of the block, and attention is called through a sole. The second type of a block which shows a direction. Long and slender bumps are installed in the surface. However, many types have been manufactured as an experiment and installed. The situation produced was hard not only for a visually impaired person to use but also for elderly people to use too. Furthermore, since the form with the various construction method appeared, a user's confusion was accelerated further. In the case of any walker who has weak eyes, the color of a tile is used to check the proper direction. If the color is not clear, there is the problem that a tile is unclear. From such a problem having mostly occurred, the desire to improve Tactile Tile increases through examination of standardization in Japan. Now, these tiles are spreading throughout the world. There are many Tactile Tiles installed at subway stations and on sidewalks in Seoul city. The installation situation in Seoul city has more problems than Japan. Since the surface of various sidewalks in Seoul are not flat, there are many places which do not convey the meaning of a Tactile Tile. However, it is notable that many such cares are carried out towards a visually impaired person in Seoul. The Tactile Tiles were adopted at each facility of the Sydney Olympic Games in Australia. Now the tiles are even installed at many public transportation facilities as ‘Tactile Surface Indicator’ with the design policy being considered by each local government. Such a trend has also started in the UK and the US. Although the tile construction for visually impaired people which started in Japan has many problems, it is spreading in the world.〔http://www.trpt.cst.nihon-u.ac.jp/INFOLAB/dl_pdf/visual_impairment_icce5.pdf〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「tactile paving」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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